How You Know if a Pedigree Is Sex Linked
All AP Biological science Resource
Which of the following is true about alleles?
Possible Answers:
Every organism of a given species has a different set up of alleles from every other individual of that species
All genes take ii alleles
Alleles are always ascendant or recessive
Alleles are unlike forms of a given gene
Alleles are just inherited from the mother
Correct answer:
Alleles are unlike forms of a given gene
Explanation:
Alleles are divers as "alternative forms of a given factor." Though Mendelian genetics tells us that the ideal model of a gene has simply two alleles, ascendant and recessive, we know this is non e'er the case, from things like codominance (blood type) and others. Some characteristics are defined by a combination of several alleles with varying weight of expression. Alleles on autosomes are inherited from both parents, only alleles in mitochondrial DNA are inherited from the mother merely. Twins are an example of organisms with identical alleles, and so the answers claiming that all organisms have different alleles is simulated.
In this pedigree, afflicted individuals have a disease causing the disability to walk forward, chosenDisease J. Presume all individuals whose alleles cannot exist adamant practise not carry the allele for the affliction (are not heterozygous).
How isIllness J inherited?
Possible Answers:
Autosomal dominant
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal recessive
Correct answer:
Autosomal ascendant
Caption:
The first generation shows an affected father and an unaffected female parent. They produce both afflicted and unaffected children in the 2d generation, meaning that the disease cannot exist recessive; if it were recessive, none of the 2d generation could be affected due to dominant alleles inherited from the mother. We can as well conclude that the affected father is heterozygous.
Knowing that the trait is ascendant, we must determine if information technology is autosomal or sex-linked. The trait tin can affect females, so it cannot be on the Y chromosome. The female in the second generation is affected, even though her mother is non, meaning she must be heterozygous. If the trait is on the 10 chromosome, information technology will be passed from the affected male parent to all female offspring, meaning that both females in the second generation would exist affected. Because 1 female is non afflicted, she must have inherited an unaffected autosomal allele from the heterozygous father.
Every bit such, the allele for the disease must be autosomal dominant.
If an autosomal trait skips a generation, it ___________; withal, if an autosomal trait does non skip a generation, it ___________.
Possible Answers:
can be either recessive or dominant . . . must exist dominant
must be ascendant . . . tin be either recessive or dominant
must be recessive . . . tin be either recessive or ascendant
can be either recessive or dominant . . . must exist recessive
Right answer:
must be recessive . . . tin exist either recessive or dominant
Caption:
If an autosomal trait skips a generation, information technology must be recessive; however, if an autosomal trait does not skip a generation, it tin can be either recessive or dominant.
These concepts can exist hands seen when outlined via a pedigree analysis. A dominant trait cannot skip a generation; any presence of the allele volition pb to expression, thus if the trait is not expressed in a given generation, information technology cannot be passed downward (cannot skip). A recessive allele tin can exist masked by carriers and reappear in a later generation.
Which of the following statements most X-linked traits is true?
Possible Answers:
None of the other choices are correct
At that place are more genetic diseases carried by the Y chromosome than the Ten chromosome
They by and large affect more than males than females
They can be passed from begetter to son
Right answer:
They mostly affect more males than females
Caption:
Because males only have one 10 chromosome, while females accept two, they are more probable to be affected past a problematic Ten chromosome. Females can mask recessive X-linked alleles as carriers; males will express all alleles on their singular X chromosome.
Males only laissez passer on a Y chromosome to their sons, so it is impossible for them to pass an X-linked trait to a son. Furthermore, Y chromosomes are virtually free of contributing to inheritance-linked diseases.
Scientists have characterized a new genetic disorder that only affects males. What is the virtually likely explanation of how this disorder is passed from generation to generation?
Possible Answers:
Inheritance of the mother's Y-chromosome
Abnormal testosterone levels
Inheritance of the father's Y-chromosome
Epigenetic inheritance
Correct answer:
Inheritance of the father's Y-chromosome
Caption:
If just males brandish the disorder, it is most likely a Y-linked genetic disorder. The just possible mode to inherit this illness, then, would be through the inheritance of the father's Y-chromosome.
Women have two X-chromosomes, one from each parent, and could non possibly pass down the disorder.
Epigenetic inheritance could potentially explain a genetic disorder, simply, if this were the case, information technology should not differentiate betwixt males and females. Abnormal testosterone levels may be a result of the disorder, only they practise no explicate how the disorder is inherited.
Individuals with Klinefelter syndrome are phenotypically male, but experience reduced sperm production and breast development in adolescence. Klinefelter individuals have two 10-chromosomes and 1 Y-chromosome (they are XXY instead of XY). What meiotic error gives rise to this condition?
Possible Answers:
Polyploidy
Translocation
Monosomy
Aneuploidy
Duplication
Right respond:
Aneuploidy
Explanation:
Aneuploidy is a chromosomal condition in which there are an abnormal number of chromosomes in the cells of the body. Aneuploidy typically refers to monosomy (i chromosome copy) or trisomy (three chromosome copies), and arises due to nondisjunction during meiosis and gametogenesis. Nondisjuction causes one daughter cell to receive three or four chromatids, and the other to receive one or cipher. If this gamete is used to form a zygote, all cells in the resulting offspring volition conduct the aberrant chromosome number.
Translocation occurs when chromosomal fragments bring together non-homologous chromosomes. Polyploidy is a condition in which a cell has more than ii complete chromosomal sets; in this example, but one gear up of chromosomes carries three copies. Duplication is the presence of boosted segments within a single chromosome.
Ruby-green colorblindness is an 10-linked recessive disorder. Which of the following scenarios is not a possible method past which this disorder can be inherited?
Possible Answers:
A colorblind mother and normal father have a daughter who is a carrier for the condition
A genotypically normal mother and a colorblind father have a son who is besides colorblind
A carrier mother and a colorblind male parent take a daughter who is born colorblind
A carrier mother and a normal father have a son who is born with colorblindness
Right respond:
A genotypically normal mother and a colorblind begetter accept a son who is also colorblind
Caption:
10-linked disorders are inherited when a parent passes on his or her 10-chromosome. Since females take two X-chromosomes, they are less likely to showroom symptoms of a recessive disorder than males, who accept just one. Females are capable of carrying a recessive X-linked trait without expressing information technology, while males are not. A male must inherit his Y-chromosome from the male parent and an 10-chromosome from the female parent, while a female must inherit X-chromosomes from both parents.
If a genotypically healthy mother and a colorblind father have a son, then this child must inherit an 10-chromosome from the mother and a Y-chromosome from the father. The mother'south chromosome are both genotypically normal, and do not possess the colorblind allele. This means that the son cannot maybe inherit a colorblind allele if the mother is genotypically normal.
All other presented reply stand for scenarios that are possible.
Colorblindness is a recessive 10-linked disorder. A genotypically normal man and a colorblind woman have 2 sons and one daughter. What is the probability that one son is colorblind and the other ii children are phenotypically normal?
Right answer:
Explanation:
The Punnett square below represents the couple'due south possible offspring, with the female parent having genotype
Since the disorder is X-linked, we know that any sons will necessarily inherit an affected allele from the female parent. Whatsoever daughters will inherit an 
The question states that the couple had two sons and one daughter, and asks the probability that 1 son is colorblind, 1 son is normal, and one daughter is colorblind. These probabilities are 100%, 0%, and 100%, respectively.
In that location is a 0% chance that this combination of children is possible.
In this full-blooded, affected individuals have a disease causing the person to be born with feathers instead of hair, called Disease P. Assume all individuals whose alleles cannot exist determined do not deport the allele for the disease (are not heterozygous).
Disease P in the figure in a higher place is inherited in what manner?
Possible Answers:
Autosomal recessive
X-linked recessive
X-linked dominant
The way of inheritance cannot exist determined
Autosomal dominant
Correct respond:
10-linked recessive
Explanation:
The first generation shows usa a father with the affliction and a female parent without the disease. They produce three children, none of whom take the disease. Knowing that they do not have the disease allows us to eliminate ascendant from consideration. In order for the third generation to be afflicted, the mother from the second generation must be a carrier. In the third generation, nosotros see that the carrier mother has a male child with the disease with a father who does not have the disease. The male person child will inherit the Y chromosome from his begetter, but must receive an Ten chromosome from the mother. He inherits the illness on this Ten chromosome.
Were the disease autosomal recessive, the father of the tertiary generation child would need to be affected in order for him to inherit the trait. The affliction must be 10-linked recessive.
In flies, cherry eyes is a wildtype trait with the allele
A wild type parent and a white-eyed parent are crossed. 50% of daughters have white eyes and fifty% of sons have white optics.
What are the genotypes of the parents?
Possible Answers:
Mother:
Father:
Mother:
Father:
Mother:
Male parent:
Mother:
Father:
Mother:
Father:
Right answer:
Mother:
Father:
Explanation:
We know that ruby eyes are the dominant allele, which ways white eyes are the recessive allele. Both sexes of offspring present the recessive allele. Information technology is particularly important to note that the daughters can express the recessive allele. This ways that theymust have inherited ane recessive allele from each parent, while the sons must accept inherited the recessive allele from the female parent (they inherit the Y-chromosome from the father).
White-eye daughters:
White-heart sons:
Each parent must take at to the lowest degree one recessive, white-eye allele. Since the begetter has but 1 X-chromosome, this chromosome must carry the white eye allele. We know that they father must have white optics.
Father:
Since one parent has white eyes and the other has red optics, we know the mother must have red eyes. She also carries the recessive allele, pregnant that she is heterozygous.
Mother:
From this cross, nosotros are able to get the percentages reported in the question. 50% of daughters will have ruby optics and l% volition have white. The same percentages will be seen for the sons.
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